Takamoto Okudaira

Faculty member of Department of Geosciences, Osaka City University (Professor 2017–; Associate Professor 2007–2017; Lecturer 1997–2007)
JSPS Research Fellow at University of Tokyo (1996 - 1997)
PhD from Hiroshima University (1995), MSc from Hiroshima University (1992), BSc from Aichi University of Education (1990)


Research interests

(1) Crustal dynamics: Formation and development of ductile shear zones in the lower crust

(2) Deformation mechanism of mono- and polyphase rocks

(3) Formation and development of an continental island arc crust

(4) Earth history from Archaen to Anthropogene043311

(5) Environmental assessment using characteristics of spheroidal carbonaceous particles


List of publications

2021

• Nishiwaki H, Okudaira T, Ishii K, Mitamura M:  Dip angles of active faults from the surface to the seismogenic zone inferred from a 2D numerical analysis of visco-elasto-plastic models: a case study for the Osaka Plain Earth, Planets and Space 73, 86, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01390-8.

• Takasu A, Okudaira T: Sambagawa metamorphic belt, Median Tectonic Line and Ryoke metamorphic belt exposed in western Kii Peninsula. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku) 75, 137-146. (in Japanese)

2020

• Soda Y, Matsuda T, Kobayashi Y, Ito M, Harigane Y, Okudaira T:  Reversely zoned plagioclase in lower crustal meta-anorthosites: an indicator of multistage fracturing and metamorphism in the lower crust. American Mineralogist 105, 1002-1013.

• Inoue J, Moritsugu K, Okudaira T, Osada K: Elemental compositions and sizes of carbonaceous fly ash particles from atmospheric deposition collected at Cape Hedp, Okinawa, Japan: Implications for their long-range transportation and source region variation. Atmospheric Pollution Research 11, 393-400.

2019

• Soda Y, Harigane Y, Kajimoto K, Okudaira T: Crystallographic preferred orientations of plagioclase via grain-boundary sliding in a lower-crustal anorthositic mylonite. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geologische Rundschau) 108, 2057-2069.

• Okudaira T, Toyoshima T: Fracturing and formation of ductile shear zones in the continental lower crust. Journal of Geography 128, 747-760. (in Japanese with English abstract)

2018

• Soda Y, Okudaira T: Microstructural evidence for the deep pulverization in a lower crustal meta-anorthosite. Terra Nova 30, 399-405.

• Kuwatani T, Nagao H, Ito SI, Okamoto A, Yoshida K, Okudaira T: Recovering the past history of natural recording media by Bayesian inversion. Physical Review E 98, 043311.

• Shigematsu N, Ohtani T, Kobayashi K, Okudaira T, Toyoshima T: Architecture of onshore fault zones. Journal of Geological Society of Japan 124, 759-775. (in Japanese with English abstract)

2017

• Okudaira T, Shigematsu, N., Harigane Y, Yoshida K: Grain size reduction due to fracturing and subsequent grain-size-sensitive creep in a lower crustal shear zone in the presence of CO2-bearing fluid. Journal of Structural Geology 95, 171-187.

• Okamoto A, Shimizu H, Fukuda JI, Muto J, Okudaira T: Reaction-induced grain boundary cracking and anisotropic fluid flow during prograde devolatilization reactions within subduction zones. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 172:75.

2016

• Wallis SR, Okudaira T: Paired metamorphic belts in SW Japan: the geology of the Sanbagawa and Ryoke metamorphic belts and the Median Tectonic Line. In The Geology of Japan, (eds. Moreno T et al.), Geological Society, London, 101-124.

• Koizumi N, Okudaira T, Ogawa D, Yamashita K, Suda Y: Geochemical characteristics of hydrous magmas due to assimilation and fractional crystallization: the Ikoma gabbroic complex, southwest Japan. Mineralogy and Petrology 110, 639-662.

• Nasheeth A, Okudaira T, Horie K, Hokada T, Satish-Kumar M: U-Pb SHRIMP ages of zircons from Hiriyur Formation in Chitradurga greenstone belt and its implication to the Neoarchean evolution of Dharwar craton, South India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 87, 43-54.

• Mitamura K, Okudaira T, Mitamura M: Meso-scale brittle deformation structures in and around the Ikoma fault zone. Journal of Geological Society of Japan 122, 61-74. (in Japanese with English abstract)

2015

• Okudaira T, Jerabek P. Stunitz H, Fusseis F: High-temperature fracturing and subsequent grain-size-sensitive creep in lower crustal gabbros: evidence for coseismic loading followed by creep during decaying stress in the lower crust?. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120, doi:10.1002/2014JB011708. [PDF]

• Nasheeth A, Okudaira T, Horie K, Hokada T, Satish-Kumar M: SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of granitoids adjacent to Chitradurga shear zone and its tectonic implications. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 110, 224-234.

• Nagahashi Y, Kikkawa K, Nakai S, Okudaira T, Yoshikawa S, Yoshida T: Petrological property of tephra beds based on the major and trace composition of volcanic glass shards -Case study of the Osaka Group and the Takashima-oki drilling core sediments in Lake Biwa, Kinki district, Japan-. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku) 69, 205-222. (in Japanese with English abstract)

2014

• Inoue J, Momose A, Okudaira T, Murakami-Kitase A, Yamazaki H, Yoshikawa S: Chemical characteristics of Northeast Asian fly ash particles: Implications for their long-range transportation. Atmospheric Environment, 95, 375-382.

• Inoue J, Murakami-Kitase A, Okudaira T: Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs): their characteristics and implications for environmental geology. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 120, 287-298. (in Japanese with English abstract)

• Shigematsu N, Fujimoto K, Okudaira T, Tanaka N, Mori H, Wallis S: Median Tectonic Line fault zone revealed by borehole analysis. Earth Monthly, 36, 120-129. (in Japanese)

2013

• Okudaira T, Bando H, Yoshida K: Grain-boundary diffusion rates inferred from grain-size variations of quartz in metacherts from a contact aureole.American Mineralogist 98, 680-688.

• Fukuda J, Okudaira T: Grain-size-sensitive creep of plagioclase accompanied by solution-precipitation and mass transfer under mid-crustal conditions.Journal of Structural Geology 51, 61-73.

• Inoue J, Tomozawa A, Okudaira T: Size distribution of spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) in swimming pool deposits for evaluating the atmospheric particle behavior in different sizes. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 224:1580, doi:10.1007/s11270-013-1580-7.

2012

• Okudaira T, Shigematsu N: Estimates of stress and strain rate based on the boundary between the fields of grain-size sensitive and insensitive creep. Journal of Geophysical Research 117, B03210, doi:10.1029/2011JB008799.

• Fukuda J, Okudaira T, Satsukawa T, Michibayashi K: Solution-precipitation of K-feldspar in deformed granitoids and its relation to the distribution of water. Tectonophysics 532-535, 175-185.

• Momose A, Inoue, J, Murakami-Kitase A, Okudaira T, Yoshikawa S: Characteristic differences in the chemical composition of spheroidal carbonaceous particles in Japanese and Chinese cities. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 223, 4761–4767.

• Masuda H, Shinoda K, Okudaira T, Takahashi Y, Noguchi N: Chlorite–source of arsenic groundwater pollution in the Holocene aquifer of Bangladesh. Geochemical Journal 46, 381-391

• Shimojuku A, Yoshino T, Yamazaki D, Okudaira T: Electrical conductivity of fluid-bearing quartzite under lower crustal conditions. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interioirs 198-199, 1-8.

• Nasheeth A, Okudaira T, Satish-Kumar M, Hokada T, Ueno Y: Preliminary results of field survey, petrography and geochemistry on the Chitradurga shear zone in the Hiriyur area, the Dharwar craton, South India. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University 55, 43–52.

2011

• Okudaira T, Suda Y: Cretaceous events recorded in rocks of the Ryoke belt, SW Japan. Journal of Geography, 120, 452-465 (in Japanese with English abstract)

• Hirakawa E, Murakami-Kitase A, Okudaira T, Inoue J, Yamasaki H, Yoshikawa S: The spatial and temporal distributions of spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) from sediment core samples from industrial cities in Japan and China. Environmental Earth Sciences 64, 833-840.

• Suda Y, Koizumi N, Okudaira, T: X-ray fluorescence analysis of minor, trace and rare earth elements for igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, sediments and soil. MAGMA 93, 19-32. (in Japanese with English abstract)

2010

• Okudaira T, Ogawa D, Michibayashi K: Grain-size-sensitive deformation of upper greenschist- to lower amphibolite-facies metacherts from a low-P/high-T metamorphic belt. Tectonophysics 492, 141-149.

• Suda Y, Okudaira T, Furuyama K: X-ray fluorescence (XRF; RIX-2100) analysis of major and trace elements for silicate rocks by low dilution glass bead method. MAGMA 92, 21-39 (in Japanese with English abstract).

• Murakami-Kitase A, Okudaira T, Inoue J: Relationship between surface morphology and chemical composition of spheroidal carbonaceous particles within sediment core samples recovered from Osaka Bay, Japan. Environmental Earth Sciences 59, 1723-1729.

2009

• Okudaira T, Beppu Y, Yano R, Tsuyama M, Ishii, K: Mid-crustal horizontal shear zone in the forearc region of the mid-Cretaceous SW Japan arc, inferred from strain analysis of rocks within the Ryoke metamorphic belt. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 35, 34-44.

• Nakagawa S, Masuda H, Okudaira T, Chiba H: Authigenic clay minerals in volcanic ash layers from ODP Site 808 in The Nankai Trough, and their formation condition from those oxygen isotope ratios. Geochemistry 43, 1-13. (in Japanese with English abstract)

• Seddique AA, Masuda H, Mitamura M, Shinoda K, Okudaira T, Yamanaka T, Itai T, Maruoka T, Uesugi K, Ahmed KM: Reply to the comment on "Arsenic release from biotite into a Holocene groundwater aquifer in Bangladesh" by Anawar HM, Mihaljevi M. Applied Geochemistry 24, 486-490.

2008

• Okudaira T, Beppu Y: Inhomogeneous deformation of metamorphic tectonites of contrasting lithologies: strain analysis of metapelite and metachert from the Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan. Journal of Structural Geology 30, 39-48.

• Beppu Y, Okudaira T: Strain analysis of rocks within a metamorphosed accretionary complex in the Iwakuni-Yanai district, SW Japan. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University 51, 1-8.

• Nishikawa O, Okudaira T, Yoshida M and Shiraishi T: Deformation structures developed in the Neogene strara in Dewa hilly land, Akita Prefecture.Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 114, Supplement, 75-85. (in Japanese with English abstract)

2007

• Ishii K, Kanagawa K, Shigematsu N, Okudaira T: High ductility of K-feldspar and development of granitic banded ultramylonite in the Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan. Journal of Structural Geology 29, 1083-1098.

• Nishiwaki H, Okudaira T: Emplacement process of the Hatsuse plutonic complex, central Kinki Province, SW Japan. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 113, 223-239. (in Japanese with English abstract)

• Kokonyangi JW, Kampunzu AB, Armstrong R, Arima M, Yoshida M, Okudaira T: U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from the Nzilo Group (Kibaran Belt): implications for the source of sediments and Mesoproterozoic evolution of central Africa. Journal of Geology 115, 99-113.

2006

• Beppu Y, Okudaira T: Geology and metamorphic zonation of the Ryoke metamorphic belt in Kasado-jima Island, SW Japan. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 101, 240-253.

• Hoshino K, Nagatomi A, Watanabe M, Okudaira T, Beppu Y: Nahcolite in fluid inclusions from the Ryoke metamorphic rocks and its implication for fluid genesis. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 101, 254-259.

• Kokonyangi JW, Kampunzu AB, Armstrong R, Yoshida M, Okudaira T, Arima M, Ngulube DA: The Mesoproterozoic Kibaride belt (Katanga, SE D.R. Congo). Journal of African Earth Sciences 46, 1-35.

2005

• Okudaira T, Nishiwaki H, Ishii K: Deformation structures in the Older Ryoke granitoids: Submagmatic, ductile and brittle deformations.Excursion Guidebook of 112th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan, pp.87-97 (in Japanese).

• Nishiwaki H, Okudaira T: Formation processes of the fine-grained mafic rocks of the Ryoke metamorphic belt in Asuka area, central Kinki district, SW Japan. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 111, 141-155 (in Japanese with English abstract).

• Yoshino T, Okudaira T: Growth and exhumation of the lower crust of the Kohistan arc, NW Himarayas. In: Metamorphism and Crustal Evolution (ed. H. Thomas), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp.178-207.

• Kokonyangi J, Kampunzu AB, Poujol M, Okudaira T, Yoshida M, Shabeer KP: Petrology and geochronology of Mesoproterozoic mafic-intermediate mafic rocks from Mitwaba (SE Congo): implications for the evolution of the Kibaran belt in central Africa. Geological Magazine142, 109-130.

• Kajiyama A, Mitamura M, Luan TX, Okudaira T, Ha NV: Landslide monitoring by photogrammetry in Mongset area, Northwestern Vietnam. International Journal of Geoinformatics 1, 125-132.

2004

• Okudaira T, Yoshitake Y: Thermal consequences of the formation of a slab window beneath the Mid-Cretaceous southwest Japan arc: A 2-D numerical analysis. The Island Arc 13, 520-532. [PDF]

• Yoshino T, Okudaira T: Crustal growth by magmatic accretion constrained by metamorphic P-T paths and thermal modeling of the Kohistan Complex, NW Himalayas. Journal of Petrology 45, 2287-2302. [PDF]

• Imon R, Okudaira T, Kanagawa K: Development of shape- and lattice-preferred orientations of amphibole grains during initial cataclastic deformation and subsequent deformation by dissolution-precipitation creep in amphibolites from the Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan. Journal of Structural Geology 26, 793-805. [PDF]

• Tokonami M, Aikawa N, Negishi R, Yoshizawa M, Okudaira T: Elliptically polarized light in alkali amphibole from Pocos de Caldas, Brazil. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 99, 59-66. [PDF]

• Kokonyangi J, Armstrong R, Kampunzu AB, Yoshida M, Okudaira T: U-Pb zircon geochrolonogy and geochemistry of granitoids from the Mesoproterozoic Kibarides belt, Mitwaba-Katanga (Congo): petrogenetic and geotectonic implications. Precambrian Research 132, 79-106. [PDF]

2003

• Okudaira T, Yuhara M, Ikeda T, Nakajima T: Mid-Cretaceous plutono-metamorphic complex of the Ryoke and San-yo zones in the Iwakuni-Yanai district, SW Japan. Hutton Symposium V, Field Guidebook, Geological Survey of Japan, Interim-Report no. 28, pp.23-40. [PDF]

• Shabeer KP, Okudaira T, Satish-Kumar M, Binu-Lal SS, Hayasaka Y: Ca-W metasomatism in high-grade metapelites: An example from scheelite mineralization in the Kerala Khondalite Belt, southern India. Mineralogical Magazine 67, 465-483.

• Nagahashi Y, Yoshida T, Nakai S, Okudaira T: Evaluation and correction of EDS results of the glass shards from some representative tephra by comparison with XRF analysis. The Quarternary Research 42, 265-277 (in Japanese with English abstract).

• Biju-Sekhar S, Yokoyama K, Pandit MK, Okudaira T, Yoshida M, Santosh M: Late Paleoproterozoc magmatism in the Delhi fold belt, NW India and its implication: evidence from EPMA chemical ages of zircons. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 22, 189-207.

• Yamanaka T, Mizota C, Fujiwara Y, Chiba H, Hashimoto J, Gamo T, Okudaira T: Sulphur-isotopic composition of the deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus marisindicus from currently active hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, 841-848.

2002

• Okudaira T: Thermal evolution of the Ryoke metamorphic belt, southwestern Japan: tectonic and numerical modelling: Reply. The Island Arc 11, 146-148. [PDF]

• Imon R, Okudaira T, Fujimoto A: Dissolution and precipitation processes in deformed amphibolites: an example from the ductile shear zone in the Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan.Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20, 297-307. [PDF]

• Shabeer KP, Sajeev K, Okudaira T, Santosh M: Two-stage spinel generations in high-grade metapelites from the Kerala Khondalite Belt, southern India: implications for prograde P-T path. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University 45, 29-43.

2001

• Okudaira T, Hamamoto T, Hari Prasad B, Rajneesh-Kumar: Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr dating of amphibolite from the Nellore-Khammam schist belt, SE India: constraints on the collision of the Eastern Ghats terrane and Dharwar-Bastar craton. Geological Magazine 138, 495-498. [PDF]

• Okudaira T, Hayasaka Y, Himeno O, Watanabe K, Sakurai Y, Ohtomo Y: Cooling and inferred exhumation history of the Ryoke metamorphic belt in the Yanai district, south-west Japan: constraints from Rb-Sr and fission-track ages of gneissose granitoid and numerical modeling. The Island Arc 10, 98-115. [PDF]

• Gamo T, Chiba H, Yamanaka T, Okudaira T, Hashimoto J, Tsuchida S, Ishibashi J, Tsunogai U, Okamura K, Sano Y, Shinjo R: Chemical characteristics of newly discovered black-smoker fluids and associated hydrothermal plumes at the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Central Indian Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 193, 371-379. [PDF]

• Hashimoto J, Ohta S, Gamo T, Chiba H, Yamaguchi T, Tsuchida S, Okudaira T, Watabe H, Yamanaka T, Kitazawa M: First hydrothermal vent communities from the Indian Ocean discovered. Zoological Science 18, 717-721.

2000

• Okudaira T, Ohtomo Y, Hayasaka Y: Cretaceous tectonics of southwest Japan in light of the studies for Ryoke metamorphic belt. Monograph of Association for Geological Collaboration in Japan 49, 67-80 (in Japanese with English abstract).

• Okudaira T, Hari Prasad B, Rajneesh-Kumar: Proterozoic evolution of the Nellore-Khammam schist belt in the Khammam district, SE India. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University 43, 193-202. [PDF]

• Hari Prasad B, Okudaira T, Hayasaka Y, Divi RS, Yoshida M: Petrology and geochemistry of amphibolites from the Nellore-Khammam schist belt, SE India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 56, 67-78.

• Rajneesh-Kumar, Okudaira T, Yoshida M: Mesoproterozoic deformation at the boundary zone between Nellore-Khammam schist belt and Pakhal basin in Khammam district, SE India. Gondwana Research 3, 349-359.

1999

• Hari Prasad B, Okudaira T, Divi RS, Yoshida M: Deformation structures in the Archean Nellore-Khammam shicht belt, southeastern India. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University 42, 227-235. [PDF]

• Rajneesh Kumar, Okudaira T, Tani Y, Hari Prasad B, Divi RS, Yoshida M: Structural features around the Archean-Proterozoic terrain boundary in Khammam district, southeastern India. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University 42, 237-245. [PDF]

• Yoshida M, Ando T, Divi RS. Ghatak G, Hamamoto T, Hari Prasad B, Mathavan M, Miyashita Y, Miyazaki T, Moses BVC, Okudaira T, Osanai Y, Prame WK, Rajneesh-Kumar, Rao AT, Shirahata H, Suzuki T, Takano N, Tani Y, Tsuchiya T, Wada H, Yoshikura S: Field studies of Proterozoic terrains in Peninssular India and Sri Lanka during 1997-1998. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University 42, 179-204.

1998

• Okudaira T: Emplacement tectonics of a granitic magma. Earth Monthly 20, 120-124 (in Japanese).

• Okudaira T, Takeshita T, Toriumi M: Discussion: Prism- and basal-parallel subgrain boundaries in quartz: a microstructural geothermobarometer. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 16, 141-142. [PDF]

• Yoshino T, Yamamoto H, Okudaira T, Toriumi M: Crustal thickening of the lower crust of the Kohistan arc (N. Pakistan) deduced from Al-zoning in clinopyroxene and plagioclase. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 16, 729-748.

1997

• Okudaira T: The Ryoke metamorphic belt (Japan): An excellent example of low-P/high-T metamorphic belt. Gondwana Research 1, 147-148. [PDF]

• Okudaira T: Thermal evolution of the Ryoke metamorphic belt. Earth Monthly 19, 122-127 (in Japanese).

1996

• Okudaira T: Temperature-time path for the low-pressure Ryoke metamorphism, Japan, based on chemical zoning in garnet. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 427-440. [PDF]

• Okudaira T: Thermal evolution of the Ryoke metamorphic belt, southwestern Japan: tectonic and numerical modelling. The Island Arc 5, 373-385. [PDF]

• Okudaira T: Low-pressure metamorphism in the Ryoke metamorphic belt in the Yanai district, southwest Japan. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University, (Earth and Planetary Sciences), ser. C 10, 509-518. [PDF]

• Okudaira T, Seo T: Granitization processes in the Tengatake migmatite zone in the Yanai district, southwestern Japan. In Metamorphism and Tectonics (Shimamoto T et al. eds), Soubun Publisher Co Ltd, Tokyo, pp.157-163 (in Japanese with English abstract).

• Okudaira T, Takeshita T, Hara I, Ando J: Study of the deformed rock samples of the Department Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University (2): Temperature estimate of the conditions for transition from basal <a> to prism [c] slip in naturally deformed quartz. Bulletin of Hiroshima University Museum 2, 7-13 (in Japanese).

1995

• Okudaira T, Takeshita T, Hara I, Ando J: A new estimate of the conditions for transition from basal <a> to prism [c] slip in naturally deformed quartz. Tectonophysics 250, 31-46. [PDF]

• Okudaira T, Hara I, Takeshita T: Emplacement mechanism of the Older Ryoke granites in the Yanai district, southwest Japan, with special reference to extensional deformation in the Ryoke metamorphic belt. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University (Earth and Planetary Sciences), ser. C 10, 357-366. [PDF]

1994

• Okudaira T, Hara I, Takeshita T: Thermal modeling for the low-pressure facies series Ryoke metamorphism. Earth Monthly 16, 486-489 (in Japanese).

• Takeshita T, Okudaira T: Dynamics and thermal modeling in low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphic belts. Zisin (Journal of Seismological Society of Japan) 47, 453-467 (in Japanese with English abstract).

1993

• Okudaira T, Hara I, Sakurai Y, Hayasaka Y: Tectono-metamorphic processes of the Ryoke belt in the Iwakuni-Yanai district, southwest Japan. Memoirs of Geological Society of Japan no. 42, pp. 91-120. [PDF]

• Okudaira T, Hayasaka Y, Hoshino K, Ikeda K: Quantitative analysis of the trace elements in silicate rocks by X-ray fluorescence method. Earth Science 47, 439-444 (in Japanese with English abstract).

• Shiota T, Hara I, Seki S, Ikeda Y, Okudaira T, Hide K: Sinistral en echelon folding of the Sambagawa schists and its tectonic implications. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University (Geology and Mineralogy), ser. C 9, 671-683.

1991

• Hara I, Sakurai Y, Okudaira T, Hayasaka Y, Ohtomo Y, Sakakibara N: Tectonics of the Ryoke belt. Excursion Guidebook of 98th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan pp.1-20 (in Japanese).


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